Fed Chair Jerome Powell Press Conference Transcript July 28: Interest Rate Updates

Jerome Powell: (03:38) Good afternoon. At the Federal Reserve, we are strongly committed to achieving the monetary policy goals that Congress has given us, maximum employment and price stability. Today, the Federal Open Market Committee kept interest rates near zero and maintained our asset purchases. These measures, along with our strong guidance on interest rates and on our balance sheet, will ensure that monetary policy will continue to support the economy until the recovery is complete. Progress in vaccinations and unprecedented fiscal policy actions are also providing strong support to the recovery. Indicators of economic activity and employment have continued to strengthen and real GDP this year appears to be on track to post its fastest rate of increase in decades. Jerome Powell: (04:25) Much of this rapid growth reflects the continued bounce back in activity from depressed levels. The sectors most adversely affected by the pandemic have shown improvement, but have not fully recovered. Household spending is rising at an especially rapid pace boosted by the ongoing reopening of the economy and ongoing policy support. The housing sector remains very strong and business investment is increasing at a solid pace. In some industries, near term supply constraints are restraining activity. These constraints are particularly acute in the motor vehicle industry where worldwide shortages of semiconductors have sharply curtailed production so far this year. As with overall economic activity, conditions in the labor market have continued to improve. Demand for labor is very strong and employment rose 850,000 in June with the leisure and hospitality sector continuing to post notable gains. Jerome Powell: (05:26) Nonetheless, the labor market has a ways to go. The unemployment rate in June was 5.9% and this figure understates the short fall in employment, particularly as participation in the labor market has not moved up from the low rates that have prevailed for most of the past year. Factors related to the pandemic such as caregiving needs, ongoing fears of the virus and unemployment insurance payments appear to be weighing on employment growth. These factors should wane in coming months leading to strong gains in employment. The economic downturn has not fallen equally on all Americans and those least able to shoulder the burden have been hardest hit. In particular, despite progress, joblessness continues to fall disproportionately on lower wage workers in the service sector and on African-Americans and Hispanics. Jerome Powell: (06:19) Inflation has increased notably and will likely remain elevated in coming months before moderating. As the economy continues to reopen and spending rebounds, we are seeing upward pressure on prices, particularly because supply bottlenecks in some sectors have limited how quickly production can respond in the near term. These bottleneck effects have been larger than anticipated, but as these transitory supply effects abate, inflation is expected to drop back toward our longer run goal. Very low readings from early in the pandemic as well as the [inaudible 00:06:52] of past increases in oil prices to consumer energy prices also contribute to the increase, although these base effects and energy effects are receding. Jerome Powell: (07:03) The process of reopening the economy is unprecedented as was the shutdown at the onset of the pandemic. As the reopening continues, bottlenecks, hiring difficulties, and other constraints could continue to limit how quickly supply can adjust, raising the possibility that inflation could turn out to be higher and more persistent than we expect. Our new framework for monetary policy emphasizes the importance of having well anchored inflation expectations, both to foster price stability and to enhance our ability to promote our broad-based and inclusive maximum employment goal. Indicators of longterm inflation expectations appear broadly consistent with our longer run inflation goal of 2%. If we saw signs that the path of inflation or longer-term inflation expectations were moving materially and persistently beyond levels consistent with our goal, we'd be prepared to adjust the stance of policy. Jerome Powell: (07:58) The effects of the pandemic on the economy have continued to diminish, but risks to the economic outlook remain. Progress on vaccinations has limited the spread of COVID-19. However, the pace of vaccinations has slowed and the Delta strain of the virus is spreading quickly in some areas. Continued progress on vaccinations would support a return to more normal economic conditions. The Fed's policy actions have been guided by our mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people, along with our responsibilities to promote the stability of the financial system. As the Committee reiterated in today's policy statement, with inflation having run persistently below 2%, we will aim to achieve inflation moderately above 2% for some time so that inflation averages 2% over time, and longer-term inflation expectations remain well anchored at 2%. We expect to maintain an accommodative stance of monetary policy until these employment and inflation outcomes are achieved. With regard to interest rates, we continue to expect that it will be appropriate to maintain the current zero to one-quarter percent target range for the Federal Funds Rate until labor market conditions have reached levels consistent with the Committee's assessment of maximum employment and inflation has risen at 2% and is on track to moderately exceed 2% for some time. In addition, we are continuing to increase our holdings of Treasury Securities by at least $80 billion per month and of agency MBS by at least $40 billion per month until substantial further progress has been made toward our maximum employment and price stability goals. Our asset purchases have been a critical tool. They helped preserve financial stability and market functioning early in the pandemic, and since then, have helped foster accommodated financial conditions to support the economy. Jerome Powell: (09:52) At our meeting that concluded earlier today, the Committee continued to discuss the progress made toward our goals since the Committee adopted its Asset Purchase Guidance last December. We also reviewed some considerations around how our asset purchases might be adjusted, including their pace and composition, once economic conditions warrant a change. Participants expect that the economy will continue to move toward our standard of substantial further progress. In coming meetings, the Committee will again assess the economy's progress toward our goals and the timing of any change in the pace of our asset purchases will depend on the incoming data. As we've said, we will provide advanced notice before making any changes to our purchases. On a final note, we announced the establishment of two standing repo facilities, a domestic one for primary dealers and additional banks, and another for foreign and international monetary authorities. These facilities will serve as backstops in money markets to support the effective implementation of monetary policy and smooth market functioning. Jerome Powell: (10:57) To conclude, we understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country. Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We at the Fed will do everything we can to support the economy for as long as it takes to complete the recovery. Thank you. I look forward to your questions. Speaker 1: (11:19) Thank you. Let's go to Steve Liesman with CNBC. Steve Liesman: (11:23) Thank you very much. Mr. Chairman, I wonder if you might be able to put some, I don't know, numbers or maybe more detail around this concept of substantial further progress. What counts as the progress numerically, if you will, or citing data, if you could, that you cited in the statement today? And if you could be more specific about what substantial further progress would look like and if that would then lead you to an announcement of an actual reduction in the purchases of your assets. Thank you. Jerome Powell: (11:56) Great. Thank you. More detail on substantial further progress, let's talk about the maximum employment part of that. As you know, with maximum employment, unlike with price stability, where we can target a number 2% on average, with maximum employment, there isn't a single number that we can target. We monitor a broad range of data about different aspects of the labor market. There's unemployment, unemployment among different age groups and such, there's participation, there's wages, there's all kinds of flow data, and we look at all of it to try to arrive at a picture of what is maximum employment. So I can't give you a set of numbers, for example, a numerical threshold like we used for a time back in 2012, I guess it was. Jerome Powell: (12:52) We didn't do that here. What we said was substantial further progress toward our goals, and what we said was, effectively, we would give advanced warning and more and more clarity as we move forward. And that's what we're going to try to do. So what would substantial further progress be? I'd say we have some ground to cover on the labor market side. I think we're some way away from having had substantial further progress toward the maximum employment goal. I would want to see some strong job numbers, and that's the idea. Steve Liesman: (13:35) If I could follow-up, you talked about one side of the equation. Does that mean you feel like you've reached your goal when it comes to the inflation side. Thank you. Jerome Powell: (13:44) So inflation is running well above our 2% objective, and has been for a few months and is expected to run up certainly above our objective for a few months before we believe it'll move back down toward our objective. The question whether we've met that objective formally is really one for the Committee to make. I can't do that by myself. But it's clear that at this time inflation is actually running above 2% and, again, has been and will be, at least we expect it will, in coming months before returning down toward our target. Speaker 1: (14:18) Thank you. Ann Saphir, with Reuters. Ann Saphir: (14:27) Hello? Can you hear me? Hello? Can you hear me? I'm sorry. Jerome Powell: (14:33) Yes, yes, we can hear. Ann Saphir: (14:34) I apologize. Just to follow-up on the question, I want to ask, is it correct to see this as the start of the advance notice process before a taper? And, also, can you speak to how the recent surge in COVID factors into your thinking on the taper? Thanks. Ann Saphir: (15:01) ... on the taper. Thanks. Jerome Powell: (15:04) So as you know, we're in a process now where what we said is that at this meeting and incoming meetings we're going to be continuing to assess the economy's progress toward our goals and give advance notice. We'll be trying to provide additional clarity about our thinking, both in the post-meeting statement and in the minutes and in the public comments that people make. Our approach here has been to be as transparent as we can. We have not reached substantial further progress yet, so we're not there and we see ourselves as having some ground to cover to get there. So that's what I would say. In terms of COVID and the Delta strain, I'll say a couple things, of course it will have significant health consequences for many, and we need to keep that in mind before we mention and move to the economic questions. Jerome Powell: (16:04) This is a... Rising cases in a number of parts of the country and some forecasts are for them to rise quite significantly, we'll see. What we've seen though is with successive waves of COVID over the past year and some months now, there has tended to be less in the way of economic implications from each wave. And we will see whether that is the case with the Delta variety, but it's certainly not an unreasonable expectation. So it certainly is plausible that people would pull back from some activities because of the risk of infection. Dining out, traveling, some schools might not reopen. We may see economic effects from some of that, or it might weigh on the return to the labor market. Some people might choose. Again, we don't have a strong sense of how that might work out. So we'll just be monitoring it carefully. Michelle: (16:58) Thank you. We'll go to Nick Timiraos at The Wall Street Journal. Nick Timiraos: (17:04) Hi, Chair Powell. Nick Timiraos at The Wall Street Journal. In your opening statements in March and April, you noted that a transitory rise in inflation above 2% this year would not meet the threshold of moderately exceeding 2% for some time. And I noticed you didn't repeat that qualification last month or today. And so in your view, has the rise in inflation this year met the threshold of moderately exceeding 2% for some time? Jerome Powell: (17:38) That would again be a question for the committee. But I would really say the guidance that you're talking about is really the guidance to do with liftoff, right? What the guidance is for liftoff, we had to have labor market conditions consistent with full employment, inflation at 2% and on track to run moderately above 2% for some time. It really isn't relevant now because we're looking at tapering asset purchases. We're clearly a ways away from considering raising interest rates. It's not something that is on our radar screen right now. So when we get to that question, when we start to get to the question of liftoff, which we are not at all at now or near now, that's when we'll ask that question. That is when that will become a real question for us. Michelle: (18:30) Thank you. Jeanna Smialek at the New York Times. Jeanna Smialek: (18:34) Hi, Chir Powell. Thank you for taking our questions. I wonder if you could talk a little bit about [inaudible 00:18:39]. Does that affect how you're thinking about tapering? Does it affect how you're thinking about potential lift off down the road? And if you could just talk a little bit about that. Jerome Powell: (18:58) Jeanna, I'm sorry, for the first 15 seconds of your question you froze. Could you say that again? I apologize. Jeanna Smialek: (19:04) Oh yeah. No, sorry. So I was wondering if you could talk a little bit about how the divergence in global growth and the sort of multi-speed recovery we're seeing around the world impacts how the Fed thinks about its policies. So do you take into account that sort of multi-speed recovery when you're thinking about tapering QE, and do you take it into account when you're thinking about liftoff? Jerome Powell: (19:26) Thanks. So an important feature of this recovery is how uneven it is. And in many cases, that's related to the fact that some countries have had little in the way of access to vaccines and so they're seeing significant outbreaks and it's weighing on economic activity. Whereas other countries such as the United States in particular are having a very strong rebound. And now Europe is having a stronger rebound bound as well. So it's a feature of our economy. Now, how does it affect our policy? In a couple of ways, potentially. One just is that in general economies through financial markets and through trade are deeply interconnected now. And so a stronger global economy will lead to more us exports and that'll help economic activity. To the extent the global economy is weak and the United States is strong, we'll wind up exporting some of our demand through imports rather than having a lot of exports. That's one way. Another way though is more on the risk side. And that is as long as COVID is running loose out there, as long as there's time and space for the development of new strains, no one's really finally safe. These strains, there's no reason they just can't keep coming. And one more powerful than the next. We don't know that, but that's certainly a plausible outcome. Now, as vaccinations rise, we can nonetheless get back to our economic activity. But it is both the right thing to do and very much in our interest to make sure that vaccination happens broadly around the world, just for that reason. Michelle: (21:13) Thank you. James, at the FT. James Politi: (21:17) Thank you very much. Chair Powell, how would you describe the risks to the outlook on inflation at the moment after the last data came out higher than expected? Do you believe the risks are tilted to the upside and does the committee share that view or are they imbalanced? Are you still worried that there could be a hit to demand from the Delta variant that could tilt them sort of to the downside again? If you could give us a sense of that, that would be very helpful. Jerome Powell: (21:47) Sure. I'd be glad to. So if you look again, if you look at the most recent inflation report, what you see is that it came in significantly higher than expected. But essentially all of the overshoot can be tied to a handful of categories. It isn't the kind of inflation that's spread broadly across the economy. It's new, used and rental cars. It's airplane tickets, it's hotels and it's a couple of other things. And each of those has a story attached to it that is really about the reopening of the economy. So we look at that and we think that those are temporary things because the supply side will respond, the economy will adapt. We have a very adaptable, flexible economy and labor market, and it's a real asset that we have. And so we think that inflation should move down over time. Jerome Powell: (22:34) Now, we don't have much confidence, let's say, in the timing of that or the size of the effects in the near term. I would say in the near term that the risks to inflation are probably to the upside. I have some confidence in the medium term that inflation will move back down. Again, it's hard to say when that will be. I will say, though, that inflation is half of our mandate, price stability is half of our mandate. And if we were to see inflation moving up to levels persistently that were significantly materially above our goal and particularly if inflation expectations were to move up, we would use our tools to guide inflation back down to 2%. So we won't have an extended period of high inflation. We think that some of it will fall away naturally as the process of reopening the economy moves through. And it could take some time. In any case, we will use our tools over time as appropriate to make sure that we do have inflation that averages 2% over time. Michelle: (23:46) Thank you. Victoria at POLITICO. VIctoria Guida: (23:50) [inaudible 00:23:50] Hi, Mr. Chairman. So bond market pricing seems to suggest that investors think the Fed might eventually over-tighten. So my question is, do you think that markets have bought into the central banks new framework, and how do you balance that with managing inflation concerns? Jerome Powell: (24:07) Well, so in terms of what's been happening in bond markets, I don't think there's a real consensus on what explains the moves between the last meeting and this meeting. We've seen the long-term yields go down significantly. Some of it is a fall in real yields which may have been connected to, some speculate, connected to sentiment around the spread of the Delta variant and concern about growth. There was also some decline in inflation and compensation, which is significantly reversed. And there are also so-called technical factors, which is where you put things that you can't quite explain. So I don't see in any of that, that there is really anything that challenges the credibility of our framework if that's really your question. We are committed to achieving 2% average inflation over time. What we said was that in particular, when we see a very strong labor market, high levels of employment, low levels of unemployment, that won't be enough for us to raise interest rates until we see some inflation. Jerome Powell: (25:17) Of course, what we have today is kind of the opposite. We've got seven or 8 million fewer people at work than were at work before the pandemic. So we're a ways away from full, maximum employment, but we have high inflation. So it's kind of the opposite case. And we have to deal with that. Any central bank has to deal with that by looking at the inflation and asking whether it is a broad-based and likely to be persistent and whether inflation expectations are implicated in a way that could cause them to rise. So we're monitoring that very carefully and we're prepared to use our tools as appropriate. But again, I think our framework is pretty well understood. And I think the real test of it will be down the road when it's time to think about raising interest rates and how we assess that set of issues. Michelle: (26:13) Thank you. We'll go to Rich at Bloomberg. Richard Miller: (26:16) Thanks very much, Michelle. Chairman Powell, you just alluded to the fact that you're prepared to use your tools to slow the economy down if need be, if inflation looks like it's getting out of control. I want to just try to understand that in the context of the framework and the forward times. Does that mean you'd be prepared to raise interest rates even if we're not at maximum employment at that point should you see this danger of inflation? And two, does it also mean you would be prepared to raise interest rates even if you are still buying assets? Thank you. Jerome Powell: (26:53) So there's a part in our statement on the longer run goals and monetary policy strategy which, Rich, I'm sure you're familiar with which talks about that case in which the two goals are intention. Most of the time if you have high inflation, you also have high employment. They tend to go together. This is a situation where they're temporarily in different directions. We're not at full employment, but we are having high inflation. We feel like we're going to be making good progress over the course of the next couple of years, really, toward maximum employment. This is a very strong labor market. If you look at the number of job openings compared to the number of unemployed, we're clearly on a path to a very strong labor market with high participation, low unemployment, high employment, wages moving up across the spectrum. Jerome Powell: (27:50) That's the path that we're on and it shouldn't take that long in macroeconomic time to get there. So that's what I think is really the likely case. And again, it's not timely for us to be thinking about raising interest rates right now. What we're doing is we're looking at our asset purchases and judging what is right for the economy and judging how close we are to substantial further progress and then tapering after that. And the question you ask about, would we raise rates if we hadn't finished the taper, hypothetical question. We'd face the circumstance at the time. We could always just... One thing one could do would be to just cut asset purchases all the way to zero if you wanted to do that. But it's hard to answer what you would do without knowing a lot more about the situation. Ideally, you wouldn't be still buying assets and raising rates because, of course, you're adding accommodation by buying and removing accommodation by raising rates. So that wouldn't be ideal, I'll say that. Michelle: (28:59) Thank you. We'll go to Edward Lawrence at Fox Business. Edward Lawrence: (29:03) And thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for taking the question. So you talk about jobs. You just said they we're on a path to a very strong job market. We have 9.5 million people unemployed as of the last labor market survey and 9.2 million job openings. So what's the disconnect? Is it a skills gap? Is it the extended unemployment benefits? Is it the fact that people just aren't willing to relocate? What is the disconnect there? Jerome Powell: (29:28) It's a really unusual situation to have the ratio of vacancies to unemployed be this high. And we think there are a number of things at work there. Maybe the place to start is just to say that this is now not so much about people going back to their old jobs, it's about finding a new job. So that's a time intensive, labor intensive process, and there may be a bit of a speed limit on that. There's research that suggests that there is a speed limit on that. So it's not like you can have millions of people at the- Jerome Powell: (30:03) ... limit on that, so it's not like you can have millions of people at the beginning of the recovery going back in a single month, because they're just going back to their old job. This is about job selection, things like that. There may also be some factors that are holding people back, and this is what surveys say. There are people are reluctant to go back to work because they still feel exposed to COVID. These could be jobs where there was a lot of interaction with the public, and where perhaps there's a family member who's vulnerable, or for whatever reason. Jerome Powell: (30:32) There's also caretakers where schools are not fully open and parents are at home, or taking care of older people. And there's also been very generous unemployment benefits, which are now rolling off. They'll be fully rolled off in a couple of months, and all of those factors should wane, and because of that we should see strong job creation moving forward. I mean ultimately it's unusual to see aspects like the job openings number in a context where there are that many unemployed people. That many job openings would typically suggest a tight labor market. Jerome Powell: (31:12) Of course, we hear from businesses all over the country that it's very hard to hire people. And that may be because people are shopping carefully for their next job. I mean I think the bottom line on this is, people want to work. If you look at where labor force participation can get, and people will go back to work, unless they retire, some people will retire. But generally speaking, Americans want to work, and they'll find their way into the jobs that they want. It may take some time though. Michelle Smith: (31:47) Thank you. Rachel Siegel at the Washington Post. Rachel Siegel: (31:51) Thank you, Michelle, and thank you Chair Powell for taking our questions. I wanted to follow up on what you said about there tending to be less in the way of economic implications from each wave of COVID cases. Could you elaborate on what you've seen to that end during previous waves? And then looking forward, how vulnerable is the labor market to the Delta variant? I'm thinking or wondering if you have concerns that jobs that may have come back in travel or tourism could be susceptible if people started reconsidering their travel plans, or if caretakers were suddenly faced with the prospect of schools not reopening. How do you see some of those risks going forward? Thank you so much. Jerome Powell: (32:30) Sure. If you remember the summer wave last year of COVID, which was largely Southern and Western states, the economy just performed much better than anyone expected. You know, we were coming off the spring wave where there were a lot of shutdowns, and then this big second wave hit. And I think the natural thing to do is to expect that it would have a real impact on the economy. It was much less than people thought. What's happened is, first of all, many people are vaccinated. They're going on with their lives. Secondly, we've kind of learned to live with it. A lot of industries have kind of improvised their way around it. Particularly for example, buying a new home. Jerome Powell: (33:10) That process of buying a new home very quickly moved to much more of a virtual process, and so they were able to do that in other industries as well. Have gone to takeout and no contact things. So it seems like we've learned to handle this. Now, I think people would like to get back to the way things were, and I hope to some extent we will over time. Of course the big wave we had last winter did have significant employment effects, particularly in hospitality, and leisure, and other entertainment, other areas with a lot of direct contact. A lot of jobs were lost because that was a very strong wave that happened in the winter months last year just before the vaccines arrived. Jerome Powell: (33:58) With Delta, we're just going to have to watch. Again, with a reasonably high percentage of the country vaccinated and the vaccine apparently being effective, we're not experts on this but it seems like a good going in estimate would be that the effects will probably be less. There probably won't be significant lockdowns and things like that. But again, those are not decisions for us, nor is it something we'd be expert in. In terms of the channels, this is kind of speculation, but it just is that you could imagine school districts deciding to wait a month or two for the Delta wave to quiet. I'm not saying this will happen, but it's easy to imagine that. Jerome Powell: (34:45) It's also easy to imagine that some people might say, "You know what? I'm just going to wait a couple of months before going back to work." It wouldn't be hard to imagine that happening. If schools don't open, then caretakers have to stay home, and if people don't go back into the labor force, then the job growth won't be as strong. Those kind of things. Again, sitting here today not being able to really know the future it doesn't seem as though the effects will be very large, but there may be effects. And it may be that the effect is to slow the economy down just for a period of months, or not. There are many parts of the country where it might not have an effect, and we're just going to have to see what the economic effects are. Michelle Smith: (35:29) Thank you. Now we'll go to David Gura at NPR. David Gura: (35:34) Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I was going to ask if you've started drafting your Jackson Hole speech, but I'm going to go in a different direction here. Steve Liesman asked you about semantics, and I'm going to take a cue from him and ask you about the term transitory, because I think of you as somebody who so lucidly explained policies and programs in recent months, and made a real concerted effort to explain them to the American public as a whole. David Gura: (35:56) I wonder about this term and what you would say to people who don't know it definitionally, don't know what it means, and see prices going up, and wonder how long they're going to have to wait. So just some broader definition from you I'd like to hear just about what it means, or how you understand it. And quickly as well, you've talked about vaccines a bit. Your colleague in Minneapolis has placed a mandate on vaccinating employees coming back to that Federal Reserve Bank, and I wonder if that's something that you would like to see or expect to see system-wide going forward? Jerome Powell: (36:26) The concept of transitory is really this. It is that the increases will happen. We're not saying they will reverse. That's not what transitory means. It means that the increases in prices will happen, so there will be inflation, but that the process of inflation will stop so that there won't be ... When we think of inflation, we really think of inflation going up year, upon year, upon year, upon year. That's inflation. When you have inflation for 12 months or whatever it might be, I'm just taking an example, I'm not making an estimate, then you have a price increase but you don't have an inflation process. Jerome Powell: (37:06) So part of that just is, that if it doesn't affect longer-term inflation expectations, then it's very likely not to affect the process of inflation going forward. So what I mean by transitory is, just something that doesn't leave a permanent mark on the inflation process. Again, we don't mean, I don't mean, that producers are going to take those price increases back. That's not the idea. It's just that they won't go on indefinitely. So to the extent people are implementing price increases because raw materials are going up, or labor costs, or something's going up, the question really for inflation really is, does that mean they're going to go up the next year by the same amount? Jerome Powell: (37:53) So you're going to be in a process where inflation, the inflation process, gets going. And that happens because people's expectations about future inflation move up. And we don't think that's happening. There's no evidence that it's happening. All the evidences is that it's not happening. But nonetheless, we have to watch this very carefully because we have two mandates, maximum employment and price stability. Price stability for us means inflation averaging 2% over time, and so we've got to be very careful about that. But I think it's a good point that it's a term. Jerome Powell: (38:25) What it really means is temporary, but then you got to understand that it doesn't mean that the increases will be taken back. Some of them will be, but that's not really what it means. We're working virtually here, and we'll be coming back down the road in a couple of months starting to bring people back here at the Board of Governors in Washington. We're going to follow public health guidance and things like that. We really haven't made the fundamental decisions about exactly what that will look like, and it'll depend to some extent on what CDC guidance looks like when we actually do bring people back in. David Gura: (39:07) Thank you. Michelle Smith: (39:07) Thank you. We'll go to Michael McKee at Bloomberg TV. Richard Miller: (39:11) Chairman, I wanted to ask you a little bit about your taper timeline in the sense that you said you want a couple more months of data, and the statement says that the Fed is going to evaluate the developments in two markets, in jobs and inflation, in coming meetings. Does that suggest that we wouldn't see anything before September or November in your meetings? I know a lot of people on Wall Street have basically felt you're going to lay out your taper plans at Jackson Hole. Is that the plan or are we not going to see anything until the fall? Jerome Powell: (39:49) We haven't made any decisions about the timing. And I did not, if I said we're looking at one, a couple more months of data. I'm not meaning to suggest anything about a particular time at which we might taper, because we really have not made that decision. All I'm saying is that we're not at substantial further progress. There's a range of views on what timing will be appropriate, and those views ultimately track back to people's views about the economy and what will happen as we make progress towards our goal. So that's really what it is, and we will, of course, as we ... We're going to continue to try to provide clarity as appropriate on timing, pace, and composition. Jerome Powell: (40:35) But today I've given you what I can give you, because again, this was the first really I would say deep dive on the issues of timing, pace, and composition. It was a good meeting, but no decisions were made, and I'm just not in a position to give you much guidance, really any guidance, on the actual timing. But I will say we're making progress. We expect further progress. And we expect that if things go well, then we will reach that goal. And when we reach it, and the committee is comfortable that we have reached it, then we'll taper at that point. There's nothing I can say about Jackson Hole. We're in the process of writing that speech, and I am going to give a speech, but I wouldn't want to say what will be in there at this point. Richard Miller: (41:28) Well, if I could follow up. Several people have recently noted that the Fed has got the markets working well, and you've got bank loans up. In other words, you've stimulated demand. But savers and companies like insurance companies and pension funds are getting hammered by the low rates, and they're wondering if the balance hasn't started to shift away from benefiting the economy to doing more harm than good. Jerome Powell: (41:56) Asset purchases were just a key part of our response to the critical phase of the crisis. They really helped us restore market function to these key markets really which are very, very important to our economy and the global economy. And then they were a big part of creating accommodative financial conditions to support demand. They were strongly needed. It was that commitment to continue asset purchases that provided strong support for the economy and has been a part of the story for why the economy is so strong right now. So we said we would taper when we achieve substantial further progress, and we're going to honor that commitment. Again, we're talking about it right now, meeting by meeting, and moving in that direction. We will taper when we reach that goal, and we'll provide more clarity on that as we go, as is appropriate. Michelle Smith: (42:56) Thank you. And we'll go to Hannah Lang at the American Banker. Hannah Lang: (43:01) Hi. You've been asked a lot previously if the Fed's monetary policy at all contributes to inequality. But I was really curious to know where you think the Fed's regulatory policy lands, particularly if you think that the Fed's bank capital requirements have had the effect of penalizing lower income households seeking loans. Basically, is it possible to achieve the balance of a safe banking system with one that also provides equitable loan access? Thanks. Jerome Powell: (43:30) Well, I think strong capital requirements are essential for banks, particularly for the largest banks. And I think that an under-capitalized banking system, as we've seen, can be a real threat to the economy, and mostly, or to the greatest extent, to people at the lower end of the income spectrum. If you look back at not this crisis, but the previous one, the banking system was under-capitalized. So higher capital requirements are really a good thing because they allow banks to weather downturns and continue to perform the functions that they perform. Jerome Powell: (44:12) I think it's other tools that we have to, and the Fed has some of these tools, Congress has some of these tools, other agencies have some of these tools, to assure or support the wide availability of credit, particularly to low and moderate income communities. That's CRA. We enforce CRA. We're working on a new CRA proposal right now with the other banking agencies. We think it's going to be good and will support the flow of credit to low and moderate income households. Jerome Powell: (44:44) It's also the anti-lending discrimination statutes that we enforce. And it's some of the programs that Congress has in place to support the flow of credit to low and moderate income communities. I don't think it's capital standards at all. I think capital standards work the other way. Strong capital is what enables banks to continue to serve their communities, including low and moderate income communities. Jerome Powell: (45:03) ... banks to continue to serve their communities, including low and moderate-income communities. Speaker 2: (45:06) Thank you. We'll go to Chris Rugaber at the AP. Chris Rugaber: (45:11) Hi, thank you for taking my question. Chair Powell, I guess I wanted to ask about the last... When you were before Congress earlier this month, you mentioned, I think, something along the lines of, "It won't take too long before we see if you're right about inflation and its temporary aspect." You also mentioned learning a lot more in the next six months about the economy. Can you tell us a little more what you mean by that? When do you think you'll get a clean reading on inflation that is free of most of the distortions that we're seeing now? Jerome Powell: (45:45) Right. So with inflation, as I mentioned, we look not just at the headline number, but we look at all the components that go into the calculation of inflation. And if you do that, if you look under the hood, what you see is not that widely across the whole range of goods and services that are in the economy we're seeing upward pressure on prices. That's not really what we're seeing. What we're seeing is a handful of things that really account for the overshoot of inflation. And as I mentioned, it's things like cars. New, used, and rental cars have moved up in price because of the car shortage, because of the semiconductor shortage. And hotels and airfares have moved back up, but that really just is retracing the very large downward movement in prices that they had before. Jerome Powell: (46:38) So that's a big, big part of why the inflation readings are so high, and those frankly don't carry significant implications in the long run for inflation or for the American economy. So what I said was we were going to see whether these things... We don't need to see everything do what lumber prices have done. So if you look at lumber prices, they went up and then they went down. So what we want to see is these other things... Do the prices flatten out? Do they actually move down? If they flatten out, then their contribution to inflation becomes zero over time, so they're not contributing to inflation. And so if we start to see those things happen fairly widely among the things that have really moved up quickly, they won't all happen at once or happen quickly, but we'll know that our basic understanding of the situation is broadly correct. Jerome Powell: (47:35) And what I said was I don't think it'll take a very long time to see whether that's the case. It is probably the case that frankly, the overall reopening of the economy is going to play out over a period of time. This is a historic, world-historical event that the global economy is now reopening. It's not going to happen quickly. It's going to take some time, and it's going to be very uneven as we discussed before. But I think we will know when we know, but I don't think it will take that long. I don't want to put a number on it, but I do think that if we see those things happening, we'll know that we have the story basically right. Speaker 2: (48:19) Thank you. We'll go to Brian Cheung at Yahoo Finance. Brian Cheung: (48:25) Hi, Chairman Powell. Brian Cheung, Yahoo Finance. Just wondering if you could provide a little bit more color in terms of how you're thinking about mortgage-backed securities purchases as you inch towards taper. Within the context of home prices continuing to rise, we've heard a lot of people talk about the idea that maybe they'd like to cool off on specifically the MBS purchases. Is that more because of the optics, or is it because there was an observed relationship from the committee's view between MBS purchases under QE and the hot housing market? Thanks. Jerome Powell: (48:53) So a number of participants raised questions around MBS and tapering at today's meeting as a matter of fact, in yesterday's meeting, and I'll just say that generally speaking, I don't think... I think the treasury and MBS purchases affect financial conditions in very similar ways. There may be modest differences in terms of contribution to housing prices, but it's not something that's big. So where I think we are is there really is little support for the idea of tapering MBS earlier than treasuries. I think we will taper them at the same time, it seems likely, based on where people are now. The idea of reducing MBS purchases at a somewhat faster pace than treasuries does have some attraction for some people, others not so much, and I think it's something that we'll be continuing to discuss. Speaker 2: (49:56) Thank you. Let's go to Michael Derby. Michael Derby: (50:01) Thank you very much. So I wanted to ask you about the standing repo facility and get your sense of what you think it will do for market trading conditions. And also kind of in a semi-related point, the reverse repo numbers have just gotten even bigger since you raised the reverse repo rate at the last Fed meeting. And are you concerned to see nearly a trillion dollars a day pouring in through that facility? Jerome Powell: (50:29) So on the standing repo facility, what is it going to do? So it really is a backstop. So it's set at 25 basis points, so out of the money. It's there to help address pressures and money markets that could impede the effective implementation of monetary policy. So really, it's to support the functioning of monetary policy and its effectiveness. That's the purpose of it, and it's set up with that purpose in mind. Your question on the RRP... So we think it's doing what it's supposed to do, what we expect of it to do, which is to help provide a floor for money market rates and help ensure that the federal funds rate stays within the target range. Jerome Powell: (51:20) Essentially, what's happening is that it just results in a lower aggregate amount of Federal Reserve liabilities that are in banks in the form of reserves, and a higher amount of Federal Reserve liabilities in money market funds in the form of overnight RRP balances. So that's all that's really happening there, and we expect it to be high for some time. It's being driven of course by the relatively lower quantity of treasury bills and also the onset of the debt ceiling, and the decline of the TGA, things like that. So we don't have a problem with what it's doing. It's kind of doing the job we expected. Michael Derby: (52:06) And you don't see any issues with disaggregating markets from investing in private money market securities? The idea that the Fed's footprint in money markets is getting too big, you don't see any issues there? Jerome Powell: (52:17) Not really, not at this point. I mean, money markets, private money market funds are choosing to invest because the rates are attractive. At some point, the rates will not be so attractive as the whole rate cluster normalizes, and you'll see it shrink back down. Michael Derby: (52:36) Okay, thank you. Speaker 2: (52:37) Thanks. Let's go to Greg Robb at MarketWatch. Greg Robb: (52:44) Hi, thanks for taking my question. Chair Powell, I just want to go back to inflation a little bit. I'm just kind of surprised by your tone. It seems like you're just sort of warning that if inflation gets too high, the Fed will act. Isn't it true that, I mean, a little inflation is good for the economy, and that somehow, maybe we can get the economy out of this sort of place where we're always going to be close to the Zero Lower Bound? Isn't there a good story to tell, and you're sort of panicking people? Jerome Powell: (53:16) I certainly don't have that in mind, no. Look, as you know, we were targeting a moderate overshoot of 2% inflation for some time. We want inflation expectations to be centered on 2%. We feel like they may be a little bit below that. So the bigger picture is that that would be a healthy thing. This is a different thing. This is not that. That was the kind of inflation we were thinking about that comes from a very, very strong labor market and a booming economy, maybe. That was the kind of inflation. This is something different. This is really driven by the supply side, which is not able to handle this big spike in demand that we're seeing. As the economy reopens with vaccination and fiscal support and monetary policy support, the supply side, just all over the world you're seeing the same thing, which is it just can't keep up. Jerome Powell: (54:13) And there are labor shortages in a lot of places, the same sort of thing. So there's absolutely no sense of panic. I've explained, I think several times here today, that my best estimate is that this is something that will pass. It's really a shock to the economy that will pass through. And if you look at where forecasters are, people who actually write down a forecast for a living, very, very strongly, they see it that way. We're actually responsible for this though, so we have to take seriously the risk case, which is that inflation will be more persistent, that it might actually move inflation expectations up, and the kind of things that might require a response. Again, we don't see that now, but we have to be on the alert for it. And people have to understand and believe that we will react if we need to, and we will. But again, it's not my base case. My base case is, as I've said repeatedly, is that inflation will move back down. And no, we have not at all changed our view, and I haven't changed my view that inflation running above 2%, moderately above 2%, is a desirable thing. This is not moderately above 2%. This is well above 2%, but it's also not the kind of inflation we were looking for. This is really driven by a supply-side shock. Greg Robb: (55:40) Thank you. Speaker 2: (55:45) Thank you. We'll go to Don Lee at the Los Angeles Times for the last question. Don Lee: (55:50) Hi, Chair Powell. Wonder if you could talk about wages. Many workers seem to have gotten some good wage gains in recent months. What can workers generally expect going forward? And it doesn't sound like you're concerned about rising wages feeding into broader inflation, is that right? Jerome Powell: (56:12) So wages have moved up. A lot of that is driven by new hires, and a lot of it is driven at relatively low-paid jobs in the service industries as people come back. So that's not troubling. There is a form of wage inflation that can lead to price inflation, and we're not seeing that right now. And that really is if what we call unit labor costs move up, which really puts... Move up in a way that is hard for companies to manage, and puts them in a situation where they have to accept substantially lower margins or raise prices. Now, when it happens gradually, we've seen in a long expansion sometimes unit labor costs do move up and put some pressure on margins. Jerome Powell: (57:09) In a long expansion, that's been happening late in the expansion. That's not a problem either. The problem is if it happens in a way that pushes firms broadly into raising prices. It was called the wage price spiral. We don't see that now. This is something that was a feature of the high inflationary era of the Great Inflation, but it's not a feature now, and we don't see that now. Of course, we'll be watching it. And this is one of the reasons why we're watching so carefully, to see whether people do come back in and accept jobs. Given the very large number of job openings and the very large number of unemployed people, we'd like to see some matching going on there so people get back to work. We think labor supply would be a healthy thing. But wages moving up across the spectrum consistent with inflation and productivity is a good thing. Speaker 2: (58:10) Thank you, Chair Powell, and thank you all for coming. Jerome Powell: (58:10) Thanks very much.