Jerome Powell Federal Reserve Coronavirus Press Conference Transcript

Jerome Powell: (10:04) Good afternoon. Thanks for joining us today. I would like to begin by acknowledging the tragic loss and tremendous hardship that people are experiencing, both here in the United States and around the world. The coronavirus outbreak is first and foremost a public health crisis, and the most important response is coming from those in the front lines, in hospitals, emergency services, and care facilities. On behalf of the Federal Reserve, let me express our sincere gratitude to those dedicated individuals who put themselves at risk day after day in service to others and to our nation. Jerome Powell: (10:40) The forceful measures that we as a country are taking to control the spread of the virus have brought much of the economy to an abrupt halt. Many businesses have closed. People have been asked to stay home, and basic social interactions are greatly curtailed. People are putting their lives and livelihoods on hold at significant economic and personal cost. All of us are affected, but the burdens are falling most heavily on those least able to carry them. It is worth remembering that the measures we are taking to contain the virus represent an investment in our individual and collective health. As a society, we should do everything we can to provide relief to those who are suffering for the public good. Jerome Powell: (11:25) While many standard economic statistics have yet to catch up with the reality we're experiencing, it's clear that the effects on the economy are severe. Millions of workers are losing their jobs. Next week's jobs report is expected to show that the unemployment rate, which was at 50-year lows just two months ago, has surged into double digits. Household spending has plummeted as people stay home, and measures of consumer sentiment have fallen precipitously. Hotels, airlines, restaurants, department stores and other retailers have been particularly hard hit. Manufacturing output fell sharply in March and is likely to drop even more rapidly this month, as many factories have temporarily closed. Overall, economic activity will likely drop at an unprecedented rate in the second quarter. Inflation is also being held down, reflecting weaker demand as well as significantly lower energy prices. Jerome Powell: (12:20) Both the depth and the duration of the economic downturn are extraordinarily uncertain, and will depend in large part on how quickly the virus is brought under control. The severity of the downturn will also depend on the policy actions taken at all levels of government to cushion the blow and to support the recovery when the public health crisis passes. Jerome Powell: (12:42) The Federal Reserve's response is guided by our mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people, along with our responsibilities to promote the stability of the financial system. We're also committed to using our full range of tools to support the economy in this challenging time. Last month, we quickly lowered our policy interest rate to near zero. We stated then, and again today, that we expect to maintain interest rates at this level until we're confident that the economy has weathered recent events and is on track to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals. Jerome Powell: (13:16) Of course, lowering interest rates cannot stop the sharp drop in economic activity caused by closures and other forms of social distancing, and low rates will not effectively spur the economy if those rates do not feed through to broader financial conditions, or if households and businesses are unable to get credit. The economic disruptions caused by the virus created tremendous strains in some essential financial markets, and have impaired the flow of credit in the economy. Without access to credit, families can be forced to cut back on necessities, and could lose their homes. Businesses can be forced to downsize or close, resulting in further losses of jobs and incomes, and worsening the downturn. Preserving the flow of credit is thus essential for mitigating the damage to the economy and setting the stage for the recovery. Jerome Powell: (14:04) We have been taking broad and forceful actions to these ends. To support the flow of credit to households and businesses, foster smooth market functioning, and promote effective transmission of monetary policy to broader financial conditions, we have been purchasing large amounts of treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities. The markets for these securities play a critical role in the economy, and they came under great stress last month as the scale of economic disruption became clearer and as investors clamored for liquidity. Jerome Powell: (14:35) Our purchases have helped market conditions improve substantially in recent weeks. In light of this improvement, we have slowed our pace of purchases. We will continue our purchases of treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities as needed. While the primary purpose of these securities purchases is to preserve smooth market functioning and effective policy transmission, the purchases we'll offer will also foster more accommodative financial conditions. Chairman Powell: (15:02) Also foster more accommodative financial conditions. We are also undertaking programs to provide stability to the financial system and to more directly support the flow of credit in the economy for households, for businesses of all sizes, and for state and local governments. These programs benefit the economy by providing financing where it is not otherwise available. In addition, by serving as a backstop to key credit markets, the programs can improve market functioning by increasing the willingness of private lenders to extend credit. Many of these programs rely on emergency lending powers that are available only in very unusual circumstances such as those we find ourselves in today. We are deploying these lending powers to an unprecedented extent, enabled in large part by the financial backing and support from Congress and the treasury. We will continue to use these powers forcefully, proactively and aggressively until we're confident that we are solidly on the road to recovery. I would stress that these are lending powers and not spending powers. The Fed cannot grant money to particular beneficiaries. We can only make loans to solvent entities with the expectation that the loans will be repaid. Many borrowers will benefit from our programs, as will the overall economy, but for many others, getting a loan that may be difficult to repay may not be the answer. In these cases, direct fiscal support may be needed. Elected officials have the power to tax and spend, and to make decisions about where we, as a society, should direct our collective resources. Chairman Powell: (16:39) The CARES act and other legislation provide direct help to people, businesses and communities. This direct support can make a critical difference, not just in helping families and businesses in a time of need, but also in limiting long lasting damage to our economy. At the Fed, we're doing all we can to help American families and businesses weather this difficult period. Chairman Powell: (17:03) When the spread of the virus is under control, businesses will reopen and people will come back to work. We will continue to use our tools to assure that the recovery, when it comes, will be as robust as possible. Thank you, and I'll be glad to take your questions. Speaker 3: (17:18) Jeanna Smialek. Jeanna Smialek: (17:25) Hi, Chair Powell. Thanks for taking our questions. You guys have cut rates to zero. You're buying up huge quantities of government debt. I guess the question is, what more can you realistically do to help the economy, and where do you see a need for Congress to step in? Chairman Powell: (17:42) Let me say that we're committed to using our full range of tools to support the economy in this challenging time. We're going to use them, as I mentioned, forcefully, proactively and aggressively until we're confident that we're solidly on the road to recovery, and also to assure that that recovery, when it comes, will be as robust as possible. As long as needed, we'll use them, and I would just say we have a number of dimensions on which we can still provide support to the economy. As you know, our credit policies are not subject to specific dollar limit. They can be expanded as appropriate, and we can do new ones. We can continue to be part of the answer. Chairman Powell: (18:21) Will there be a need to do more, though? I think the answer to that will be yes. I would say, Congress has also reacted quite aggressively and strongly with the CARES act and other laws, several other laws, and that's appropriate. With enhanced unemployment insurance and the Paycheck Protection Program, we've seen an extraordinary, historically large reaction. I would say that it may well be the case that the economy will need more support from all of us if the recovery is to be a robust one. Speaker 3: (18:59) Nick Timiraos. Nick Timiraos: (19:03) Thanks, Chair Powell. Nick Timiraos of The Wall Street Journal. I want to follow up on Jeanna's question and ask what, specifically, do you think elected officials should consider in order to help return or hasten a stronger return to full employment, and what policy tools did you discuss at your meeting today that might be used to stop a deflationary spiral? Chairman Powell: (19:35) Let me start. I'll take the questions in the order you gave them. Chairman Powell: (19:40) In terms of, if I can say legislative priorities, we're not responsible for fiscal policy. Those will be decisions for Congress to make. I would say that policies that protect workers, businesses and households from avoidable insolvency, that keep businesses going so that they're able to produce goods in it, and to either hold onto their employees or quickly rehire them, those are going to be key policies. They'll come with a hefty price tag, but we would come out of this event eventually with a stronger economy and with less long-run damage to the economy. That's a key thing that, really, Congress could do over time. Chairman Powell: (20:23) In terms of what we can do, I mentioned we our credit facilities are wide open. We can do more on that front. In addition, we've had extensive discussions, as I've mentioned; done a lot of thinking about what monetary policy might look like over incoming months, over a range of potential scenarios for the economy. We do think that our policy stance today is right where it should be for now. As you know, we cut rates to the effect of lower bound, and we've said that we'll keep them there until we're confident that the economy has weathered the effects of the outbreak and is on track to achieve our goals. Chairman Powell: (21:05) With asset purchases, we're continuing to purchase treasury securities and agency MBS in the amounts needed to support smooth market functioning. We're doing those things, and I would say that we will continue to use our tools as needs be. Speaker 3: (21:25) Steve Liesman. Steve Liesman: (21:28) Mr. Chairman, question, Steve Liesman with CNBC. I've got two questions here. Steve Liesman: (21:33) First of all, why aren't you announcing or conducting a specific quantitative easing program, and maybe you could explain what the context is now of the purchases that will be made and the amounts that are to come. The second question I have is, is the Federal Reserve really taking enough risk to help households and businesses here, in that you just said that the programs that are out there maybe best for those who are able to repay loans, but don't you have a series of programs essentially lending only those able to repay, which is essentially helping those who may need it the least? Thank you. Chairman Powell: (22:12) Let me say it again. In terms of asset purchases and other measures, we do think our policy stance is appropriate now. We've had discussions, as I've mentioned, over time, and done quite a bit of thinking about what we might do in the future. We think, for now, our policy stance is appropriate. We're not going to change it now, and we're really waiting to see more from the economy there. There are a range of potential paths the economy could be on, and I think as the time approaches for, then we'll address your first question, which is about asset purchases, but that's not something we're doing today. It's something that we have talked about, and for now, we like our current policy stance. Chairman Powell: (22:58) In terms of risk, we operate under the laws that Congress passes, and there are a number of aspects under Section 13.3, and you can see that they've permitted us to, I think, move very quickly, and move into areas where we've never been before, and do so quite aggressively. I think we're going places and providing help in places where we never have, and I'm glad that we are. I think it's appropriate that we are. Nonetheless, these are lending powers, and if you read Section 13.3 of the Federal Reserve Act, and I know you have, it does require that we be S secured to our satisfaction, and we can't lend to insolvent companies. It's clear, these are lending powers, and we are ultimately bound to implement the laws that Congress gives us. We do not make grants, we can't make grants, and the reason I raised that in my remarks is that I just want to be clear on that. We can do what we can do, and we will do it to the absolute limit of those powers. We'll keep at it, and I just want people to know that we will be at it with the legal authorities that we have until we get through this thing. Chairman Powell: (24:17) We will keep using our authorities, but there are authorities that we don't have, and there may be a need for those authorities to be used, as well as ours. Speaker 3: (24:29) Heather Long. Heather Long: (24:37) Hi, Chair Powell, it's Heather Long from the Washington Post. I have two questions for you, both on timing. Heather Long: (24:44) The first, do you plan to launch the Corporate Credit Facility and the Main Street Lending Facilities in May, or early May? Anything you can give us, a sense on timing? Heather Long: (24:55) The second, in the statement, the FOMC refers today to a lot of medium- term risks from the pandemic. That sounds like you all think this is going to be a long recovery, a long road to recovery. Can you give any more guidance on how you all see this recovery taking shape? Thanks. Chairman Powell: (25:14) Sure. In terms of this facilities, the Corporate Credit Facilities are near being finalized and will be operating, I would say, soon, fairly soon. Chairman Powell: (25:27) Main Street Facility, we're close to issuing a new term sheet. As you know, we put out a term sheet for comment a while back and we got a couple of thousand comments. We've carefully studied them. We've tried to reflect those in what we're doing now. I think with Main Street, there'll be at least a couple of different kinds of lending going on there. This is a broad area of the economy with many different kinds of credit needs, so we're going to keep at that for some time, I think, adding in sectors and lending products. I think we'll probably be continuing to work and expand Main Street for some time, but it won't be done quite as quickly, but the first part of it, I think, will be done fairly quickly. Chairman Powell: (26:14) In terms of our statement, so what we said was that... I'll just read the sentence. It says, "Ongoing public health crisis will weigh heavily on economic activity, employment and inflation in the near term, and poses considerable risks of the economic outlook over the medium term." What we meant by that, over the medium term... obviously, what we're talking about is, not right in the very near term; it's between now and the long term, so, the next year or so. I would point to a couple of risks to the outlook that we were thinking of. Chairman Powell: (26:47) First is just the virus; how long will it take to get it under control? Will there be additional outbreaks? Will there be drugs that can either treat it, or a vaccine of some kind? All of that is very much shrouded in uncertainty. Chairman Powell: (27:02) The second issue, and this is a very substantial one, is just the possibility of damage to the productive capacity of the economy through a couple of channels. The first is just workers, who, if one is unemployed for an extended period, that person can lose the skills that are needed, can lose touch with the labor force, and have difficulty restarting his or her career. That's a feature of deep and long recessions, and that's something we've got to watch out for. Chairman Powell: (27:36) Another is just businesses, these thousands of great medium- and small-sized businesses that we have all over the country; they're worth so much more to the economy than the sum of their net assets. They're job creators, they're really important, and if we see unnecessary insolvencies, a wave of those, that could be damaging to the performance of the economy over time. The good news is that we have policies, as I mentioned in my remarks... we have policies that can address those things, but not perfectly, so that's another risk. Chairman Powell: (28:09) The third thing I would point to is just the global dimension. This is a very global phenomenon, and we're seeing economic data from around the globe which is very, very negative, and that, too, can weigh on U.S. economic performance over time. I would say, just on the U. s. economy, there are things you can say, one can say; the first is that, in the near term, we're going to see significant declines in economic activity, significant declines in employment, and increases in unemployment. We're going to see that as a consequence of the virus and the measures we're taking to protect ourselves from it. Chairman Powell: (28:50) The next phases are more uncertain, highly uncertain, but we will go through a phase starting fairly soon where we begin to reopen the economy, and probably the economic activity will pick up as consumer spending picks up. Consumer spending, as I mentioned, is going down quite a lot. It'll begin to pick up as people start to return to their normal patterns of spending, but the chances are that it won't go right back to where we were because people will... until they're confident that the virus is well and truly under control, then they will be somewhat probably reluctant to undertake certain kinds of activities. It may take some time for us to get back. It probably will take some time for us to get back to a more normal level of unemployment and, ultimately, to maximum employment. Speaker 3: (29:43) Okay, James Politi. James Politi: (29:46) Thanks, Chair Powell. You didn't firm up your guidance on... this is James Politi from the Financial Times... you didn't firm up your guidance on interest rates at this meeting, and given the risks that you just outlined, under what circumstances would you strengthen the Fed's commitment to keep rates... Speaker 4: (30:03) What kind of stances would you strengthen the Fed's commitment to keep rates at the lower bound and is there any danger to delaying that pledge and on the credit facilities, on what kind of demand are you expecting for the programs that were set up under the cares act and are you expecting them to rapidly reach capacity like the PPP plan did? Chairman Powell: (30:22) Okay, so on the first, as I mentioned, you know we moved very quickly, very aggressively. We were the first to return to the effective lower bound where we are now. We got there essentially right away and we think that's the right place to be. We think if you look at surveys, you look at market pricing, the market expects us to be there for a good while and that's appropriate. So it's not as though the market is pricing in a near term lift often or anything like that. And let me just say, we're going to not be in any hurry to withdraw these measures or to lift off. Chairman Powell: (31:00) We're going to wait until we're quite confident that the economy is well on the road to recovery. So we see our current stance and our current guidance. And I would say the same thing about asset purchases. We see them as appropriate. I've also mentioned now a couple of times that we have done a lot of thinking about what monetary policy might look like over coming months and that would depend on where we are in a range of potential economic scenarios. So we were thinking about that all the time, but right now for now we think our current stance is appropriate. So we made no change in it today. Chairman Powell: (31:44) The second question was how, the thing about our facilities is treasury still has plenty of equity. So we've said that if demand for our facilities is greater than we've estimated, then we'll expand them and we have the ability to do that. So it won't be the way the paycheck protection program is where there's a specific amount allocated appropriated for it. And then there's no more money, that will be unlikely to happen here unless we exhaust treasury's equity and we're a long way from doing that. The second thing I would say is, and you've all seen this is when we announced these facilities, and I mentioned this in my remarks, it's not just the actual lending we do, it's the we build confidence in the market and private market participants come in and many companies that would have had to come to the Fed have now been able to finance themselves privately since we announced the initial term sheet on these facilities. Chairman Powell: (32:52) So that's a good thing. Companies are out there financing, they're out there raising liquidity. We haven't made any corporate loans in those facilities. We've made the short term money market loans, but we haven't made any of them. And yet there's a tremendous amount of financing going on and that's a good thing. So we, for that reason, the ultimate demand for the facilities is quite difficult to predict because there is this announcement effect that it really gets the market functioning again. Of course we have to follow through though. And we will follow through to validate that announcement effect. Speaker 5: (33:25) Okay. Howard Schneider. Howard S: (33:30) Hi, Chairman Powell and thanks for doing this. I wanted to get a little more expansion on the timing of recovery and the connection between the health response. You said earlier, I think that you thought the second half of the year could see a pretty robust rebound. Is that now out of the question and do you think a steady recovery is really possible until the vaccines developed, given the patchwork of managers receive? Take it around the states, is that going to really lead us to a steady path out, absent vaccine? Chairman Powell: (34:04) As you know, economic forecasts are always uncertain. Today they're unusually uncertain and that's really because so much of the performance of the economy depends on the path of the virus and the success of the measures we take to control it. Our success in reopening the economy and also the time it takes to develop new drugs and our tools. The things that we do don't affect any of those things. We're not experts on those things either. But what the experts tell us is that the outcomes are highly uncertain. So this is an unusual new kind of uncertainty added on top of our regular uncertainty. But I will say, I think there are a few things you can say about the path ahead. First, this time now is going to be a time of sharp contraction and economic activity, high unemployment, personal consumption expenditures have declined sharply. Chairman Powell: (34:58) Business investment as well. Unemployment moved up. We're going to see economic data for the second quarter. That's worse than any data we've seen for the economy and there are a direct consequence of the disease and the measures that we're taking to protect ourselves from it. So then we will enter this new phase and we were just beginning to maybe do that where we will... Formal measures that require social distancing will be rolled back gradually and at different paces in different parts of the country. And in, during this period, the economy will begin to recover. People will come out of their homes, start to spend again. We'll see unemployment go down, we'll see economic activity pickup and when will that be? It's very hard to say, but let's just say for this purpose that it's in the third quarter. So as I mentioned earlier that could be a fairly a large increase given the given the size of the fall, the increase could also be substantially large, although it's unlikely that it would bring us quickly all the way back to pre-crisis levels. Chairman Powell: (36:05) Of course, this is the period as well that carries the risk of new outbreaks of the virus. Something we really want to avoid. I think then, after that period, at some point you will have the kind of formal social distancing measures will be gone, but you'll still be left with probably a level of caution on the part of people who will worry and probably keep worrying for some time. You would think that behavioral change as people gain confidence so that the sooner we get the virus under control, the sooner people can regain that confidence and regain their economic activity. I think trying to be really precise about when that might happen and what the numbers might look like is, I think it's very tough to do that. Speaker 5: (36:54) Okay, Steve Matthews. Steve M: (36:57) Steve Matthews with Bloomberg Chairman Powell. You've noted a number of times over the last year that there's been a broadening out of job gains with marginalized workers. People have been left out of the recovery over the 10 year period. Finally making job gains and particularly minorities, but also many other workers. Do you worry that this recession is going to fall hardest on those workers who've struggled and just got job gains in the last year or two and that it may take years from now before there are opportunities for them again? Chairman Powell: (37:40) Yes, that's exactly what I worry about. So unemployment has tended to go up much faster for minorities and for others who tend to be at the low end of the income spectrum and it tends to come down faster as well, but it tends to go up faster and be much, much higher. And we were in a place only two months ago. We were well into beginning the second half of the 11th year is where we were and every reason to think that it was ongoing. We were hearing from a minority low and moderate income and minority communities that this was the best labor market they'd seen in their lifetime. All the data supported that as well and it is heartbreaking, frankly to see that all threatened now. All the more need for our urgent response and also that of Congress, which has been urgent and large and to do what we can to avoid longer run damage to the economy, which is what I mentioned earlier. Chairman Powell: (38:44) This is an exogenous event that just it happened to us. It wasn't because there was something wrong with the economy. And I think it is important that we do everything we can to avoid that longer run damage and try to get back to where we were. Because I do very much have that concern. I think everyone is suffering here, but I think those who are least able to to bear it are the ones who are losing their jobs and losing their incomes and have little cushion to protect them in times like that. So yes, that's a very big concern. Speaker 5: (39:30) Victoria. Victoria G: (39:33) Hi, I'm Victoria Guida with Politico. The paycheck protection program has experienced some logistical problems because of the speed at which all this is happening, but for the main street lending facility, which will also work through banks, what lessons are you taking away from that? And then more broadly, you mentioned earlier this year that the federal debt was on an unsustainable path. And I was just wondering for Republicans that are starting to get worried about how much fiscal spending they're having to do in this crisis, whether that should be a concern for them? Chairman Powell: (40:10) So a couple of things. This is different from the PPP, that paycheck protection program in two ways. One is these are not grants, these are loans. So I don't know that the demand will be quite as strong as it has been for the PPP. I don't know that. And the second thing is, we won't run out of money. It's not a limited pot so there won't be this incentive to try to get there first and that sort of thing. So I'm hopeful we will very much try to learn as much as possible from that facility and from all the other ones too. We have a lot to learn here, so we'll certainly be trying to do that. In terms of fiscal concerns. So for many years, I've been long before the Fed, I have long time been an advocate for the need for the United States to return to a sustainable path from a fiscal perspective at the federal level, we have not been on such a path for some time, which just means that the debt is growing faster than the economy. Chairman Powell: (41:18) This is not the time to act on those concerns. This is the time to use the great fiscal power of the United States to do what we can to support the economy and try to get through this with as little damage to the longer run, productive capacity, the economy as possible. The time will come again and reasonably soon I think where we can think about a longterm way to get our fiscal house in order. And we absolutely need to do that. But this is not the time to be in my personal view. This is not the time to let that concern, which is a very serious, but to let that get in the way of us winning this battle, really. Speaker 5: (42:07) Okay. Edward Lawrence. Edward L: (42:07) Oh yeah. Thank you. Mr chairman. Edward Lawrence from Fox Business Network. Now given the amount of stimulus on the fiscal side and monetary policy side, how much weight do you give to finding a vaccine from clearing that uncertainty? You talked about around treatment and whatnot for the federal reserve, pulling back on some of the Fed's actions and raising the rates from the zero lower bound. Also when does that main street lending facility get deployed? Because you talked about soon, some businesses are in need now. Thank you. Chairman Powell: (42:40) We're not in a position to make a a reliable assessment of when a vaccine or a therapeutic drug would be ready and so we're not going to set our policies based on our estimate of that. We're going to just provide the support that we can with the tools that we have and we're going to keep doing that until the recovery is well underway. In terms of main street. So you know the story, we put out a term sheet, we got a lot of comments. We took those very much to heart. We spent a great deal of time here. It's a challenging space because it's many different kinds of borrowers. They have different needs, different sizes of companies and so we're, as I mentioned, we're very close to announcing a new term sheet which will then become operative fairly quickly. My guess is though that we'll keep looking to add products and add different kinds of borrowers to that as we go and we're well aware of the importance of doing it as quickly as possible. We're very much in touch with the urgency of that need. Speaker 5: (43:50) Okay. Don Lee park. Don L: (43:53) Chairman Powell, it's a Don Lee from the LA Times. Just want to follow up on the question on the labor market, I know you said that it's highly uncertain, but there are [inaudible 00:44:06] who think that we'll have very high unemployment until even the end of next year as high as 9% and at this point, can you just talk a little bit more about what you see as the path of employment in the coming months and into next year? Chairman Powell: (44:24) Sure, so unemployment's going to go up to a high number in the second quarter, uncertain what the number will be when, and that's because so much economic activity has been shuttered really as we take social distancing measures. So sometime fairly soon here and probably gradually and at different paces at different parts of the country, we'll see the social distancing measures rolled back. People will begin to spend more money. It's really consumer spending has fallen precipitously and once that starts to happen, people will. Jerome Powell: (45:03) ... on precipitously. And, once that starts to happen, people will get hired back and unemployment will go back down. I don't think it'll get anywhere near the historically low levels that we had as recently as February, three and a half percent. I think it will take some time for that to happen, for us to get back to anything that resembles maximum employment. But, I mean, the main thing we want is we want to get back on that road. We want to get that recovery going and get people back to work as fast as we can. Not faster than we can, but as fast as we can. And the main thing is to get into that stage where the economy is healing, where we have the disease under control, where we don't take too much risk of second and third waves and that sort of thing and get people back to work. And, again, the path of it is highly uncertain, but we will be there with our tools supporting the economy and supporting that recovery. Speaker 6: (46:03) Scott Horsley. Scott Horsley: (46:07) Thanks, Mr. Chairman. After the financial crisis, banks were instructed to up their capital so they could weather an economic shock. What kind of steps do you think we need to take for the economy writ large to make it more resilient to this kind of shock? Jerome Powell: (46:25) Can you just say that last part. You're a little bit low volume. Scott Horsley: (46:30) Yes. What kind of steps could we take to help the economy as a whole be more resilient to this kind of shock? Jerome Powell: (46:39) This is an extraordinary, extraordinary shock, unlike anything, certainly, that's happened in my lifetime. And a couple of things come to mind. So, I think the time will come for a careful assessment of the answers to those questions. It's early to be asking them. We're still putting out the fire. We're still trying to win. And I think we'll be at that for a while. Jerome Powell: (47:06) But I'd point to a couple of directions. We worked hard to strengthen the banks, much higher levels of capital, liquidity, a far greater sense of what the risks are they're running and how to manage them. So, the breakdowns that we've seen in market function have really been in the capital markets. And I wouldn't rush in with prudential regulation into the capital markets. And we did plenty of things, tri-party repo. We did a lot of reform in the capital markets, money market reform, tri-party repo reform, central clearing, all these important things. But there will, no doubt, be, with the size and force of this shock will, no doubt, reveal weaknesses in the financial architecture. And we'll have to go to work on those. Jerome Powell: (47:57) I also think it tells you the importance of getting your fiscal house in order. The U.S. really hadn't. It really hadn't gotten back to where we needed to get on fiscal policy. And so, we have an already high level of debt to GDP, and rising quickly, when the shock arrived. Now, we have the fiscal capacity to deal with it, I believe. But, ideally, you would go into an unexpected shock like this with a much stronger fiscal posture. Speaker 6: (48:44) Mike McKee. Mike McKee: (48:48) Hi, Mr. chairman. Given the demand shock and the drop in oil prices, do you anticipate that we might see any kind of deflation even for a very short period that would require a FED response? If we get a negative print on CPI or PCE, how should people think about that? Mike McKee: (49:09) And second question, there is a disconnect, it appears, between the markets and the economic outlook right now. And I know you've said that this isn't the time to worry about moral hazard, but do you worry with the size of stimulus that you and the Congress are putting into the economy there could be financial stability problems as this goes along? Jerome Powell: (49:30) So, in terms of inflation, we think that inflation is very closely and strongly related to inflation expectations. And, during the global financial crisis, there was a concern that we might see deflation, but it didn't happen. Inflation tended to move down a little bit, as it will when demand is weak. But inflation expectations did not move strongly down here in the United States. They have in other places in the world though, over the past 25 years. There's been downward pressure on inflation really for several decades now. Jerome Powell: (50:08) So, I would say as long as inflation expectations remain anchored, then we shouldn't see deflation. And the Federal Reserve is strongly committed to maintaining 2% inflation over time. So, we'll be there to work on that. I think you asked really about headline inflation. If low energy prices, very low energy prices were to drop headline inflation negative, I would hope that people would see through that. And we'll be monitoring it very carefully. We would see through it though and look to core, which is a better predictor of future inflation. So, needless to say, we'll be keeping very close track of that. Jerome Powell: (50:48) In terms of the markets, our concern is that they be working. We're not focused on the level of asset prices in particular. It's just markets are trying to price is something that is so uncertain as to be unknowable, which is the path of this virus globally and its effect on the economy. And that's very, very hard to do. That's why you see volatility the way it's been, market reacting to things with a lot of volatility. But what we're trying to assure really is that the market is working, the market is assessing risks, lenders are lending, borrowers are borrowing, asset prices are moving in response to events. That is really important for everybody, including the most vulnerable among us. Because, if markets stop working and credit stops flowing, then that's when you see very sharp, negative, even more negative economic outcomes. Jerome Powell: (51:51) So, I think our measures have supported market function pretty well. We're going to stay very carefully monitoring that. But I think it's been good to see markets working again. Particularly, the flow of credit in the economy has been a positive thing, as businesses have been able to build up their liquidity buffers and households have been able to be home. People have been been home, concerned about their jobs, but they're not concerned about the financial system collapsing as they were in 2008 and nine. Speaker 6: (52:27) Chris from the AP. Chris Rugaber: (52:31) Hi, Chair Powell. Chris Rugaber, AP. Thank you. I guess I had two questions. I wanted to start on the unemployment picture and nail down a little bit how you see things going from here. You did talk about potential loss of skills over time. So, are you worried about structural changes in job markets that would keep unemployment high and therefore potentially beyond the ability of the FED to do anything about? Which is something that was debated, as you know, after the last recession. And then, eventually, of course, the unemployment rate did go lower than people thought. Chris Rugaber: (53:08) Second question is just on the money from treasury, the 454 billion. It sounds like you want to keep that in reserve for programs that have high demands, such as the Main Street Program. Are you willing to use that to backstop, say, a program that is having more losses? What's your tolerance for loss among that 454 billion? Thank you. Jerome Powell: (53:34) So, in terms of the labor market, the risk of damage to people's skills, and their careers, and their lives is a function of time to some extent. So, the longer one is unemployed, the harder it gets, I think, and we've probably all seen this in our lives, the harder it is to get back into the workforce and get back to where you were, if you ever do get back to where you were. So, longer and deeper downturns have left more of a mark generally in that dimension with the labor force. Jerome Powell: (54:12) And so, that's why, as I mentioned, that's why the urgency in doing what we can to prevent that longer run damage. It doesn't have to be that way. We won't be able to limit all of it. But we do have the tools to do what we can to keep people in touch with the labor force and working. And also, out of insolvency too, it doesn't seem fair that people should lose everything they have, including their homes, over this. So, nonetheless, there will be some of that. But we do have some tools to ameliorate that. Jerome Powell: (54:42) So, in terms of the money, the $454 billion, it's a couple of things. First, the treasury secretary really has authority over that. Right? And it stands in front of our losses. So, but I do think we're clearly moving into areas where there is more risk than there has been in the past. And that's okay. I think that's what we're supposed to do. This is a very unusual time. And so, but in terms of the way to think about that money, I think that's really a question for the Treasury Department. We set up the facilities and we work very, very closely and successfully and collaboratively with the treasury on this. But that particular aspect of it falls more to the secretary. Speaker 6: (55:47) Okay. We'll go to Nancy Marshall-Genzer for the last question. Nancy Marshall-Genzer: (55:50) I'm Nancy Marshall-Genzer with Marketplace. Chair Powell, I'm wondering what you would say to savers who are hurt by very low interest rates and maybe going into investments maybe in the stock market that aren't so great for them? And also I'm wondering if you can give us any more of a clue as to how long you think we're going to have interest rates near zero? Jerome Powell: (56:15) So, we think that low interest rates affect the economy through a number of channels in a positive way. Lower interest rates support economic activity overall through channels that we understand reasonably well. They make it cheaper to borrow. They drive your costs of borrowing down. They do raise asset prices, including the value of your home. If your saver owns a home or has a 401k, your saver will benefit from that. Jerome Powell: (56:48) But, for people who were really, really just relying on their bank savings account earnings, you're not going to benefit from low interest rates. But we have to look out for the overall economy. Low interest rates support employment, they support economic activity. And those are our mandates. And I think, for the overall good of the economy, low interest rates are a good thing. And it's not to say they're good for every single person, but that shouldn't stop us from doing what we think is good for the whole. Jerome Powell: (57:23) In terms of how low, I really don't want to speculate. We will turn to questions like that soon enough. But in terms of how long we'll stay and under what conditions will stay at the effective lower bound, those are just exactly the things we're thinking about. Right now, we like the place we are. We've said that we'll keep our rates where they are until we're confident that the economy has weathered the effects of the outbreak and is on track to achieve our goals. So, that's where we are. We're not changing that guidance today. But that means we're going to be very patient. That means we're not going to be in any hurry to move rates up. Speaker 6: (58:07) Thank you very much. Jerome Powell: (58:08) Thanks.